Recognizing Late Onset Frontotemporal Dementia with the DAPHNE scale: A case report / Reconhecendo a demência frontotemporal de início tardio com a escala daphne: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Frontotemporal dementias are classically described as early onset dementias with personality and behavioral changes, however, late onset forms can also be found. Considering the paucity of information about late onset behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and its challenging diagnosis, we present a case report of an 85-year-old woman with behavioral changes and slow progression to dementia who was first diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and then Alzheimer's disease. The Daphne scale provided a structured means to improve clinical diagnosis, also supported by characteristic features on MRI and SPECT, while CSF biomarkers ruled out atypical Alzheimer's disease.

RESUMO As demências frontotemporais são classicamente descritas como demências de início precoce com mudanças de personalidade e comportamento, porém as formas de início tardio também podem ser encontradas. Considerando a escassez de informações sobre a demência frontotemporal - variante comportamental de início tardio e o diagnóstico desafiador, apresentamos um relato de caso de uma mulher de 85 anos com alterações comportamentais e progressão lenta para demência que foi diagnosticada pela primeira vez com transtorno bipolar e, em seguida, doença de Alzheimer. A escala DAPHNE foi utilizada permitindo a estruturação das características clínicas, aumentando a precisão do diagnóstico clínico, apoiado por características em RM e SPECT, enquanto os biomarcadores no líquor descartaram a doença de Alzheimer.

Anti-herpes Activity of Vinegar-processed Daphne genkwa Flos Via Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common causative agent of genital ulceration and can lead to subsequent neurological disease in some cases. Here, using a genital infection model, we tested the efficacy of vinegar-processed flos of Daphne genkwa (vp-genkwa) to modulate vaginal inflammation caused by HSV-1 infection. Our data revealed that treatment with optimal doses of vp-genkwa after, but not before, HSV-1 infection provided enhanced resistance against HSV-1 infection, as corroborated by reduced mortality and clinical signs. Consistent with these results, treatment with vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection reduced viral replication in the vaginal tract. Furthermore, somewhat intriguingly, treatment of vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection increased the frequency and absolute number of CD3-NK1.1+NKp46+ natural killer (NK) cells producing interferon (IFN)-gamma and granyzme B, which indicates that vp-genkwa treatment induces the activation of NK cells. Supportively, secreted IFN-gamma was detected at an increased level in vaginal lavages of mice treated with vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection. These results indicate that enhanced resistance to HSV-1 infection by treatment with vp-genkwa is associated with NK cell activation. Therefore, our data provide a valuable insight into the use of vp-genkwa to control clinical severity in HSV infection through NK cell activation.

Wikstroelide M potently inhibits HIV replication by targeting reverse transcriptase and integrase nuclear translocation / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To evaluate the anti-HIV activity and mechanism of action of wikstroelide M, a daphnane diterpene from Daphne acutiloba Rehder (Thymelaeaceae).@*METHODS@#The anti-HIV activities of wikstroelide M against different HIV strains were evaluated by cytopathic effect assay and p24 quantification assay with ELISA. The inhibitory effect of wikstroelide M on HIV reverse transcription was analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The effect of wikstroelide M on HIV-1 integrase nuclear translocation was observed with a cell-based imaging assay. The effect of wikstroelide M on LEDGF/p75-IN interaction was assayed by molecular docking.@*RESULTS@#Wikstroelide M potently inhibited different HIV-1 strains, including HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1A17, and HIV-19495, induced a cytopathic effect, with EC50 values ranging from 3.81 to 15.65 ng·mL⁻¹. Wikstroelide M also had high inhibitory activities against HIV-2ROD and HIV-2CBL-20-induced cytopathic effects with EC50 values of 18.88 and 31.90 ng·mL⁻¹. The inhibitory activities of wikstroelide M on the three HIV-1 strains were further confirmed by p24 quantification assay, with EC50 values ranging from 15.16 to 35.57 ng·mL⁻¹. Wikstroelide M also potently inhibited HIV-1IIIB induced cytolysis in MT-4 cells, with an EC50 value of 9.60 ng·mL⁻¹. The mechanistic assay showed that wikstroelide M targeted HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and nuclear translocation of integrase through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75.@*CONCLUSION@#Wikstroelide M may be a potent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibitor, the mechanisms of action may include inhibition of reverse trascriptase activity and inhibition of integrase nuclear translocation through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75.

Chemical constituents from Daphne acutiloba / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from Daphne acutiloba.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were separated by column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analyses.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Fifteen compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract and identified as wikstroelide M (1), vesiculosin (2), prostratin (3), 7-hydroxy-coumarin (4), 7,8-di-hydroxy-coumarin (5), isodaphnoside (6), daphnorine (7), rutamontine (8), daphnolin (9), daphneticin (10), (+)-pinoresinol-beta-D-glucoside (11), oleodapnone (12), oleodaphnal (13), ergosterol peroxide (14) and cholest-5-en-3beta-ol (15).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All the compounds except for 4, 5 and 14 were obtained from the stems of this plant for the first time.</p>

Chemical constituents from rhizome of Daphne papyracea var. crassiuscula / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study chemical constituents from rhizome of Daphne papyracea var. crassiuscula.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Ethyl acetate fraction of 75% ethanol extracts from rhizome of D. papyracea var. crassiuscula, and its strucutre was identified by spectral method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Nine compounds were separated and identified as daphneticin (1), daphnetin (2), hydrangetin (3), daphnoretin (4), 1-4'-hydroxyphenyl-5-phenyl-2 (E)-en-1-pentanone (5), daphneolon (6), 3beta-O-acetyl-olean-12-en (7), and (+)-usnic acid (8).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1-8 were separated from D. papyracea var. crassiuscula for the first time. Compound 8 was separated from the genus for first time.</p>

The incompatibility mechanism based on the interaction of multiple-components for Flos Genkwa and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae / 药学学报

By investigating the interaction between components from Flos Genkwa (FG) and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae (RRG) and the dissolution profile of toxic components in co-decoction, the characteristics and possible mechanism of incompatibility were revealed. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ/MS) were used to analyze multi-components in different herb extractions prepared by different ratios of FG/FG processed by vinegar (FGV) and RRG, which reflect the interaction and characteristics of multiple components in incompatibility combinations. The results showed that the components dissolution was influenced by compatibility ratio with certain regularity. Whether FG processed by vinegar or not, with the increase of RRG in co-decoction, the dissolution of diterpenes, especially for yuanhuacine, yuanhuadine and yuanhuajine, the toxic ingredients of FG, increased significantly. From these results, the material basis and one possible mechanism of incompatibility between FG and RRG is the increasing dissolution of diterpenes, toxic components of FG in co-decoction process, which caused by interaction between multi-components in these two herbs.

Chemical constituents of Daphne odora var. margirmta / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of Daphne odora var. margirmta.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography of silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, and their structures were identified by UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and CD spectroscopic methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Ten compounds were elucidated as wikatrols B (1), kaempferol (2), daphnodorin B (3), daphnodorin D2 (4), daphnodorin A (5), daphnodorin C (6), daphnodorin D1 (7), daphnodorin I (8), daphnetin (9), daphnoretin (10).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1,2,4 were obtained from this plant for the first time,and compound 1 was isolated firstly from the genus Daphne.</p>

RP-HPLC determination of tiliroside in Daphne genkwa / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the contents of tiliroside [kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-(6 " -p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside] in the Daphne genkwa.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The separation was performed on ZORBAX XDB C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), using acetonitrile and water/acetic acid mixture (1,000/1) (gradient elution: 0-18 min, 26 : 74; 18-33 min, 80 : 20) as mobile phase with the rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1) at 25 degrees C, the wavelength for measurement was 310 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The linearity was in the range of 0.1-5.0 microg (n=6), and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999. The average recovery for compound tiliroside was 101.50% (RSD 0.90%) (n=6).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is accurate, reliable and reproducible to determine tiliroside in the D. genkwa.</p>

Effect of Glycyrrhiza inflata and Daphne genkwa on permeabilities of rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein substrate across rat jejunum membranes in vitro / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the modulation of Glycyrrhiza inflata and Daphne genkwa on the permeability characteristics of rhodamine 123 (R123), one P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, across the jejunum membranes. And then approach the possible permeability mechanism of the drugs after co-administration of G. inflata and D. genkwa in gastrointestinal tract.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The permeability of R123 or fluorescein sodium (CF) via Wistar rat jejunum membranes was evaluated by in vitro diffusion chamber system after oral administration of four different decoctions and 0.9% sodium chloride (20 mL x kg(-1)) for 1 week. And the concentration of R123 or CF was determined by the fluorospectrophotometry. The apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) was calculated by the equation P(app) = dQ/d(t) x (1/A x C0), where P(app) was expressed in cm/s, dQ/dT was the slope of the linear portion of the permeation curves, A was the diffusion area, and C0 was the initial concentration of rebamipide in the donor side, and then compare their differences were compared with control group.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After oral administration of G. inflata decoction, D. genkwa decoction and decoction of the combination of the previous decoctions, the absorptive directed transport of R123 was significantly increased (P < 0.05, compared with control group). On the other hand, D. genkwa could also decrease the permeability of secretory directed transport (P(app) = 2.98 +/- 0.59), while no action of G. inflata was found on the secretory transport of R123 ( P(app) = 5.24 +/- 3.98) across the jejunum tissues, while P(app) of control group was 4.38 +/- 1.18. Meanwhile, G. inflata had no effect on transport of CF across the jejunum tissues, though the other three groups could decrease the permeability of CF, as compared with control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>G. inflata may slightly inhibit P-glycoprotein function in the intestinal membrane, while D. genkwa may be a relatively strong inhibitor of P-gp. For another, some compositions in D. genkwa inhibit P-gp function, and some others strengthen the tight junction between cells in the intestinal membrane to decrease permeability of CF. As the inhibitory action to P-gp was enhanced by combination of G. inflata and D. genkwa, based on the results, it may be one of the mechanisms of creating toxicity once co-administration of G. inflata and D. genkwa.</p>

Study of chemical constituents in stem rind of Daphne giraldii / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the constituents with the pain-relieving activity from the stem rind of Daphne giraldii.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The partition of the ethanol extract and chromatographic separation of the fractions were carried out by the monitoring of anelgesic pharmacological activity. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by MS and NMR.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Four compounds were isolated from the pain-relieving fraction. Three of them were identified as diterpenes, gniditrin (1), gnidicin (2) and daphnetoxin (3). Compound 4 was determined as Z-octadecyl caffeate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1, 2 and 4 were isolated from the plant for the first time.</p>

Three biflavonoids from ethanol extract of the root of Daphne genkwa / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the chemical constituents of the secondary metabolites of the roots of Daphne genkwa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The roots of D. genkwa were extracted with 95% ethanol at 60-70 degrees C for 7 days to obtain the crude extract. The crude extract was purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography as well as the HPLC techniques. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by combined spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, IR and CD.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three new biflavonoids were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of D. genkwa and their structures were identified as daphnodorin H-3-methyl ether (1), daphnodorin H-3"-methyl ether (2) and daphnodorin G-3"-methyl ether (3).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are three new biflavonoids.</p>

Studies on the chemical constituents in roots of Daphne odora var. atrocaulis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from Daphne odora var. atrocaulis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The chemical constituents were isolated and repeatedly purified by silica gel column chromatography and the structures were elucidated by the NMR spectra and physicochemical properties.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Sixteen compounds were obtained and nine of them were identified as beta-sitosterol, 4-hydroxy ethylbenzoate, (2E),-2-propenoic acid,3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-decosylester, genkwanin, 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine, daphnetin, daphnoretin, 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-3ol, daucosterol.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Seven compounds were obtained from D. odora var. atrocaulis. for the first time.</p>

Isolation and identification of a new dicoumarin from the roots of Daphne genkwa / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Daphne genkwa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographic techniques were employed for the isolation and purification. The structure was elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A new dicoumarin named isodaphnoretin was isolated and the structure was established as 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-[(2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)-oxyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Isodaphnoretin is a new compound.</p>

Chemical and pharmacological advances of the study on zushima / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review the progress in the research of the active ingredients of Zushima and their pharmacological activities.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Base on the articles of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Zushima.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Traditional Chinese drug, Zushima contains coumarins, diteropenoids, lignans, flavonoids, anthraquinones and sterols. Pharmacological investigation concludes that it has actions of painkilling, antiinflammation, inhibiting bacteria, antithrombus, antitumer and antifertility.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Zushima has extensive actions in pharmacology. And plant resources are very rich. It is a meaning job to study the chemical ingredients and pharmacological activities of Zushima further.</p>